Symbiosis, the living together of unlike organisms, encompasses mutually beneficial to reciprocally detrimental interactions. The course examines conditions required for establishment and maintenance of important symbioses including mycorrhizae, lichens, endophytes, nitrogen-fixing and endosymbiotic bacteria, fungal/insect interactions, and fungal pathogens. Symbioses in forest ecosystems will be emphasized. Dual listed with BOT 5395. Prerequisites: LIFE 2022 or LIFE 2023, and LIFE 3400.